Mu gihe tugeze ku musi ugira gatandatu w’intambara yatewe n’Uburusiya mu gihugu ca Ukraine, ngira mfate akanya nishure ku bibazo bitari bike bijanye n’iyo ntambara, ibibazo abanywanyi ba runo rubuga mwandungikiye.
Ikibazo cagarutse kenshi n’ico kumenya icateye iyo ntambara. Ikindi nabajijwe cane ni impamvu Perezida Vladimir Poutine w’Uburusiya adashaka ko Ukraine yinjira muri OTAN. Hari n’abambajije OTAN ico isigura. Hari benshi babaza ingene bigenda ngo igihugu cikukiye giterwe ONU ikaguma irorera gusa. Benshi baranambajije impamvu ibihugu vya OTAN bitagiye kurwana muri Ukraine.
Ibibazo ni vyinshi sinoshobora kuvyishura mu nkuru imwe. Kimwe muvyo mbona hano nuko benshi mu bakurikira runo rubuga bakiri bato ku buryo batazi igihugu citwa URSS casambutse muri kigarama 1991.
Muri ino nkuru ndaza kubabwira ico gihugu Uburusiya na Ukraine vyahoze bisangiye. Ndababwira kandi impamvu Uburusiya butipfuza ko Ukraine iyobowe na Perezida wa Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky yinjira muri OTAN. Ibindi nzobigarukako mu zindi nkuru. Sinibagira kubibutsa ko ntari umuhinga wa kahise n’imigenderanire mpuzamukungu.
Perezida wa Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky ashaka kwinjira muri OTAN.
- Harabaye igihugu rutura cahoze citwa URSS…
Intambara y’isi yose igira kabiri yasize ibihugu rutura (superpuissances) bibiri : Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika bita USA be na Repubulika Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasovieti bita URSS.
USA iriho kuva mu 1776, igizwe n’ama leta 50. URSS yo yabayeho imyaka hafi 70, kuva mu 1922 gushika mu 1991. Ivyo bihugu bibiri vyaragize uruhara rukomeye cane mu guhagarika ingwano y’isi yose igira kabiri yari yatangujwe na Adolf Hitler yatwara Ubudagi no mu kubaka Uburaya bw’inyuma y’intambara.
Ariko kubera vyari ibihugu bifise ivyiyumviro bidasa, vyahavuye bisharikana, kimwe cose kikarondera kwigarurira ibihugu vyinshi bigikurikira, bibaho bihanganye kuva mu 1947 mu vyo bise “Guerre froide”. Ivyo turabigarukako mu gice ca kabiri.
Mu kiringo c’imyaka 69, URSS carico gihugu kinini cane mu isi. Cari gifise uburinganire bwa 22 402 200 km2, casambutse gifise abanyagihugu bangana 293 047 571. Mu majambo yose, URSS ni Union des Républiques Socialistes Soviétiques (mu congereza ho bacita USSR).
Ico gihugu casambutse kigizwe n’ama repubulika 15, republika nini muri zose yari Russie (Uburusiya) ni nayo yarimwo umurwa mukuru Moscou. Republika ya kabiri mu bunini yari Kazakhstan, hanyuma hakaza Ukraine yangana na 3% vya URSS.
Nyinshi muri izo repubulika, URSS yazihagira ku nguvu, harimwo na Ukraine yafashwe mu 1922, ariko kera ikaba yarigeze kuba ifatanye n’ubwami bw’Uburusiya (Empire russe). Naho izo repubulika zose zari zifise indimi zazo, URSS yabategeka bose gukoresha ikirusiya ku buryo indimi kavukire zasa n’izafuditse.
URSS yatwarwa n’umugambwe umwe rudende w’abakominista PCUS (Parti Communiste de l’Union Soviétique), umugambwe ukaba wari hejuru y’ibintu vyose ku buryo Umunyamabanga mukuru w’umugambwe ari we yagaba vy’ukuri igihugu.
Ico gihugu cavutse inyuma ya revolusiyo yo mu 1917, yitwa ko ari intwaro y’abakozi (dictature du prolétariat) bikuyeko abanyamitahe (les bourgeois).
Muri iyo ntwaro, nta burenganzira bwo gusohora ivyiyumviro bitandukanye n’ubutegetsi bwabaho, abantu ntibari barekuriwe gutunga ivyabo (cane cane amatongo), yari intwaro yitwa ko vyose ari ivy’igihugu kandi ko vyose bisangiwe na bose. Yari intwaro kizira kwemera Imana (athéisme d’État) kandi gusenga vyarahanwa.
Ico gihugu catangujwe na Vladimir Vladimirovitch Lénine yahakwa gufatwa nk’Imana y’abakomunista, yakirongoye kuva mu 1917 gushika asandavye mu 1922. Lénine yasubiriwe Joseph Staline yatwaje umukazo ku rugero rw’akataraboneka kuva mu 1922 gushika asandavye mu 1953.
Staline niwe yagwanye bikomeye na Adolf Hitler maze ingabo ziwe ziba arizo za mbere zinjira mu muji wa Berlin mu Budagi. Staline amaze gupfa, yasubiriwe na Nikita Khrouchtchev yatwaye kuva mu 1953 gushika mu 1964, uwo niwe yitwa ko yagerageje kugabanya agahotoro Staline yasize, aranapfungura imbohe za politike zitari zike.
Aho Khrouchtchev asandabiye, nawe yasubiriwe na Leonid Brejnev yarongoye URSS kuva mu 1964 gushika mu 1982. Brejnev yava muri Ukraine. Inyuma ya Brejnev harakurikiye abandi barongozi babiri b’abatama bamara akanya gato bakaca bicwa n’ingwara.
Mu 1985, URSS yaronse umutegetsi yitwa ko akiri muto, Mikhail Gorbachev, yari afise umugambi wo guhindura vyinshi, harimwo gutanga umwidegemvyo ku banyagihugu, gukorera mu muco, guhindura ingendo zataye igihe no kuzamura ubutunzi bwari bugeze habi.
Uwo mutegetsi benshi ntibamutahuye, n’ivyahuha bica birahuhuka, maze igihugu kica kirasambuka, repubulika zose zirikukira mu 1991. Uwatwara Repubulika y’Uburusiya ico gihe, Boris Yeltsin, ari mu bagiye imbere y’abandi mu kuvavanura na URSS maze Uburusiya buca bufata ikibanza ca URSS muri ONU no ku rubuga mpuzamukungu. Boris Yeltsin niwe yahavuye asubirirwa na Vladimir Poutine mu 1999.
URSS cari igihugu gikomeye cane mu vy’ubutunzi, mu vy’ubuhinga (technologie), ni naco gihugu ca mbere carungitse abantu mu kirere hirya y’umugabane w’isi (espace), cari kandi igihugu rutura mu vya gisirikare. Muri vyose cabangabanganwa na USA kandi bakabaho bahiganwa, bacungana, basumanako urusaku.
Urwego rw’iperereza rwa URSS rwitwa KGB (soma Kajebe) rwari rurangiranwa, rukaba rwaguma rucunganywe nk’imbeba n’akayabu n’urwego CIA rw’abanyamerika.
Kuva mu mpera z’imyaka ya 70, ubutunzi bwa URSS bwateye bucumbagira, abanyamerika n’abo bacuditse batangura gusiga URSS mu vy’ubuhinga, uburemere bw’amafaranga akoreshwa mu iperereza n’igisirikare buhava buratemvya rwose ubutunzi bw’igihugu. Ivyo vyose vyahereje kw’isambuka rya URSS mu 1991.
- OTAN yaje gute ?
Vya bihugu bibiri rutura vyari mu isi y’inyuma y’intambara y’isi igiri kabiri, URSS na USA, vyahavuye bisharikana bikomeye, bitangura kurondera kwigarurira isi.
Mu mwanya wa mbere vyapfuye ubugabo ku gihugu c’Ubudagi vyari bihejeje kubohoza, maze bibugaburamwo kabiri : Ubudagi bw’Ubuseruko bwitwa Répubulique Démocratique d’Allemagne (RDA) bwegukira URSS, Ubudagi bw’Uburengero bwitwa République Fédérale d’Allemagne (RFA) nabwo bwegukira Abanyamerika.
Igisagara ca Berlin bagisaturamwo ibice bibiri baca bacubakamwo uruhome rutandukanya ivyo bihugu (Mur de Berlin) ku buryo abadagi bo mu gice kimwe batari bakirekuriwe kuja mu kindi gice.
Mu 1949, Abanyamerika bahavuye bakoranya ibihugu vya Bulaya n’Amerika vyose bacuditse maze bashinga urunani rwo kurwanira hamwe, ari rwo bise Organisation du Traité de l’Atlantique Nord, OTAN mu gifaransa canke NATO mu congereza.
Gushika mu 1991, umwansi wa OTAN yari azwi neza ko ari URSS n’ibihugu bacuditse navyo vyari bigize urunani rwa gisirikare rwitwa Pacte de Varsovie.
Izo mpande zabayeho zicunganye bidasanzwe, zihiganwa kurushanya ibitigiri vy’abasirikare, ibirwanisho bihanitse no kwigarurira uturere tw’isi. Pacte de Varsovie niyo yari ifise abasirikare benshi nayo OTAN ikayirusha ibirwanisho bikomeye, uruhande rumwe rwose rwari rufise abasirikare barenga imiliyoni zine.
Iryo higanwa ryatumbereye kandi ivyo gukora ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda nka bombes atomiques, ni ngaho izo mpande zahiganirwa kuraba uwufise ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vyinshi kurusha uwundi.
Abahinga bavuga ko izo mpande zari zifise ibirwanisho vyoshobora gufuta isi n’ibiyiriko vyose incuro nyinshi.
Mu gihe OTAN yarimwo cane cane ibihugu vya Bulaya y’Uburengero hongeyeko Turkiya hamwe na USA be na Canada, Pacte de Varsovie nayo yarimwo ahanini ibihugu vy’Uburaya bw’Ubuseruko.
Ni nayo mpamvu muri ico gihe, isi bayigaburamwo ico bita Bloc de l’Est (ibihugu biri kumwe na URSS) hamwe na Bloc de l’Ouest canke “les Occidentaux” (ibihugu biri kumwe na USA).
Imana yarakinze izo mpande zibiri ntizigeze zirwana zo nyene, iyo zirwana ibara ryari kurwa kuko bashobora guterana vya birwanisho ruhonyanganda kumbure bagafuta n’isi yose. Ariko naho zitarwanye, izo mpande zarateje ingwano zitari zike mu bihugu bitandukanye canke zigahimiriza itembagazwa ry’ubutegetsi kugira uruhande rumwe rwose rurabe ko rworonka abategetsi baruyoboka.
Ubu rorero bukeyi nko muri Afurika: igihugu ca Angola caramaze imyaka irenga 20 mu ntambara yahuza umugambwe MPLA wa Edouardo Dos Santos wari ushigikiwe na URSS be n’umuhari UNITA wa Jonas Savimbi wari ushigikiwe n’Abanyamerika, igihugu ca Mozambique caramaze imyaka nk’iyo mu ntambara yahuza umugambwe FRELIMO wari ushigikiwe na URSS be na RENAMO yari ishigikiwe n’ibihugu vya Bloc de l’Ouest.
Ashigikiwe n’Abanyamerika, Colonel Joseph Désiré Mobutu yaratembagaje muri Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo Leta ya Patrice Emery Lumumba yari ishigikiwe na URSS. Muri Ethiopia Umwami w’Abami Hailé Sélassié yari ashyigikiwe n’Abanyamerika yaratembagajwe n’abasirikare bari barongowe na Colonel Mengistu Hailé Mariam yari ashyigikiwe na URSS.
Iwacu mu Burundi biravugwa rwose ko igandagurwa ry’umushikirangoma wa mbere Pierre Ngendandumwe rifise ico ripfana n’izo ndyane mpuzamakungu. N’ahatari muri Afurika, ni henshi cane hagiye haraba intambara no gutembagaza ubutegetsi bivuye kuri iryo higanwa rya URSS n’abanyamerika, uburorero bukomeye cane bwabaye muri Vietnam, muri Korea gushika ubu ikigabuyemwo ibihugu bibiri, muri Chili aho ubutegetsi bwa Salvator Allende yari ashyigikiwe na URSS bwatembagajwe biteye isoni n’abasirikare barongowe na Général Pinochet yari ashyigikiwe n’Abanyamerika.
Mu 1962, isi yarahatswe kwinjira mu ngwano y’isi yose ya gatatu inyuma y’aho URSS ijanye gushinga missiles nucléaires muri Cuba ikazirabisha muri Amerika, ico gihe URSS yariko yihora Abanyamerika bari bashize missiles nk’izo muri Turkiya bazirabisha kuri URSS.
Ivyo bihugu bibiri vyaratahuye ko vyose vyohahonera bikoresheje izo missiles maze bihitamwo kumvikana gukuraho vyose izo missiles.
Mu 1979, URSS yarungitse igisirikare kurwana muri Afghanistan kugira gitabare intwaro y’abakomunista yari ibangamiwe. Abasirikare ba URSS bagiye bazi ko bamarayo akanya gato, Abanyamerika baca baha ibirwanisho abanyagihugu ba Afghanistan, URSS birayikomerana imarayo imyaka 10.
Iyo ntambara yarononye ubutunzi bwa URSS bwari busanzwe butanguye kugoyagoya, iba intango yo gusambuka.
Mu mpera ya za 80, URSS yarasubiye inyuma rwose mu butunzi maze ibihugu vya Buraya y’ubuseruko vyari bigize Pacte de Varsovie bitangura kwiyonkora, vyinjira mu ntwaro y’imigambwe myinshi, intwaro za gikomunista zirasenyuka.
Uko ivyo bihugu nka Pologne, Roumanie, Bulgarie, Hongrie, Tchécoslovaquie vyinjira muri demokarasi niko vyaca vyitandukanya na Pacte de Varsovie bikarondera kwinjira muri OTAN.
Muri munyonyo 1989, uruhome rw’i Berlin rwari rumaze imyaka 40 rutandukanije imiryango y’abadagi rwarasejyuwe maze iba intango y’impera y’inguvu za URSS, niyo ntsinzi nyamukuru ya OTAN naho ata masase yariko aravuga.
Ubudagi bumaze gusubira kuba igihugu kimwe, bwinjiye muri demokarasi none ubu ni igihugu gikomeye cane muri OTAN no mu Bumwe bwa Buraya.
Pacte de Varsovie imaze gupfa, hakurikiye isenyuka rya URSS, maze repubulika zahora ziyigize zihinduka ibihugu 15 vyigenga. Mu gihe izindi repubulika zashizeho ishyirahamwe zihuriyemwo bita CEI (Communauté des États Indépendants), ibihugu bitatu mu vyahoze bigize URSS (Estonie, Lettonie na Lituanie) vyihutiye kwinjira muri OTAN no mu Bumwe bwa Buraya.
Repubulika ya Georgie nayo nyene yaravavanuye n’Uburusiya be na CEI ica isaba kwinjira muri OTAN no mu bumwe bwa Buraya naho itaremererwa. Repubulika ya Ukraine niyo yindi yasavye kwinjira muri OTAN none ihejeje no gusaba kwinjira mu Bumwe bwa Buraya.
Uko ivyo bihugu vyahoze bigize URSS bikomeramwo demokarasi niko abanyagihugu bavyo bitandukanya n’Uburusiya bagaca basaba kwinjira muri OTAN n’Ubumwe bwa Bulaya.
Ikindi gihugu gishobora gufata iyo nzira ni Moldavie. Muri Belarus naho nyene hariho abanyagihugu bama mu myiyerekano biyamiriza intwaro ihari kandi basaba kuja muri OTAN no mu Bumwe bwa Buraya.
Uburusiya uyu musi nibwo buri mu kibanza cahoramwo URSS. Perezida Vladimir Poutine afise agahinda ko kubona URSS yarasambutse, mu gihe we nyene yari mu ndongozi za KGB. Indoto yiwe ni ugusubira kubaka Uburusiya akabukuza, akabwubahiriza nkuko vyari bimeze kuri URSS. Kubona ibihugu vyahoze bigize URSS vyinjira muri OTAN ntashobora kuvyihanganira.
Perezida Poutine ntatahura impamvu OTAN yagumyeho kandi URSS na Pacte de Varsovie bitakibaho.
Kubona OTAN yaciye yigarurira ibihugu vyahoze muri Pacte de Varsovie, ubu naho ikabandanya irondera kwakira ibihugu vyahoze bigize URSS, Perezida Poutine abona ko OTAN iriko irondera kuzunguruka Uburusiya no kubangira umutekano wabwo.
Vyinshi muri ivyo bihugu vyahoze muri URSS vyarafuse ikirusiya mu ndimi bikoresha bigatuma abarusiya babibamwo bahinduka inkehwa zicinyizwa. Ni navyo Perezida Poutine akunze kwita génocide ikorerwa abavuga ikirusiya muri ivyo bihugu, kenshi Uburusiya bushigikira iyo mirwi y’abavuga ikirusiya mu kugerageza gusubira gufata ubutegetsi muri ivyo bihugu maze abibuze kwinjira muri OTAN.
Ni gutyo usanga hariho intara ziyonkoye muri Géorgie, muri Moldavie, muri Ukraine, kandi abiyonkoye bakaca bashyigikirwa n’Uburusiya. Ni gutyo intambara yo muri Ukraine yaje.
Mu nkuru izokurikira, nzobabwira uruhara Ukraine yari ifise muri URSS n’impamvu ari yo Perezida Poutine yahagurukiye kurusha ibindi bihugu vyahoze bigize URSS. Nzoheza nishure ibindi bibazo mwambajije, nk’ibijanye n’impamvu OTAN itarungitse abasirikare kurwana muri Ukraine.
Abadakunda inkuru ndende mwihangane. Nkuko nama ndabivuga ku nkuru nk’izi, ababishoboye ntimutinye gukosora aho mubona agakosa, canke kunyunganira, nanje sindi umuhinga w’ibi bibazo, nabasangije ivyo nashoboye kumenya.
Abafise ibibazo mwipfuza ko nzokwishurako mu nkuru izokurikira muvyandike muri commentaires.
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