U Rwanda rwifatanyije n’ibindi bihugu ku isi uhereye ku wa 18-24 Ugushyingo 2023 aho muri iki cyumweru insanganyamatsiko igira iti ‘‘Dufatanye kwirinda ubudahangarwa bw’udukoko ku miti’’ (World Antimicrobial Resistance Awareness Week, WAAW).
Uburyo gakondo bwo gutunganya ibinyobwa burakemangwa.
Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubuzima (rbc) kigaragaza ko mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n’impuguke, bavuga ko niba nta gihindutse mu 2050, buri segonda 3, umuntu umwe ashobora guhitanwa n’indwara ziterwa n’udukoko twamaze kwiremamo ubudahangarwa mu kurwanya imiti ya antibiyotike (antibiotics).
Ubwo bushakashatsi bwerekanye ko hari udukoko tutagishoboye kwicwa n’iyo miti bitewe n’ubudahangarwa bwiremyemo, bikaba rero bisaba ubundi bushakashatsi mu guhashya utwo dukoko, kuko iyo miti (antibiotics) yamaze gutakaza ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’iyo miti.
Ikindi n’abarwayi bafata imiti nabi, aho iminsi bandikiwe batayirangiza neza, kandi bakayinywa bayihererekanya n’abandi bo mu rugo, mu gihe uwo murwayi aba yumvise asa n’uworohewe, agahita ayiha mugenzi we na we akomerezaho.
Bivugwa ko umurwayi yakoresheje umuti nabi, iyo uwufashe mu buryo muganga atabyanditse.
Urugero, niba muganga yavuze ko umuti unyobwa gatatu (03) ku munsi mu gihe cy’iminsi irindwi (07). Iyo uwunyoye kabiri (02) mu minsi itanu (05) ukawuhagarika uba uwukoresheje nabi.
Urugero rwa 2: Niba umuti wandikiwe umwana noneho murumuna we yarwara nawe ukamuha kuri uwo muti uba uwukoresheje nabi.
Julien Mahoro Niyingabira Umuvugizi w’Ikigo cy’igihugu cy’Ubuzima, RBC.
Abaganga mu bijyanye n’ubuzima muri rbc barimo Dr Teta Isabelle, Dr Shema Léandres, Dr Alain, Dr Kapiteni mu kiganiro bagiranye n’abanyamakuru mu Rwanda, bashimangira neza ko ‘‘indwara ziterwa n’udukoko twiremyemo ubudahangarwa tuzatera icyorezo kizagorana kwikiza’’, bavuga ko ari ngombwa gufatirana amazi atararenga inkombe.
Ati ‘‘Ni byiza ko abantu bumva ko iyo ufashe imiti nka antibiotics ugomba kuyifata neza aho mu bukangurambaga buzaba bugamije kwigisha abantu amoko y’imiti yica udukoko, kugira ngo bitonde igihe muganga yayibandikiye aho n’aborozi na bo bakangurirwa kugoresha imiti bandikiwe na veterinaire wabyize’’.
Muri ubwo bukangurambaga nanone hazibandwa gukangurira abaturage isuku y’umubiri, isuku idahagije y’ahantu hategurirwa ibiribwa by’abantu benshi, ibikoresho bidahagije byo guteguriramo ibiribwa kimwe n’ibyo kubagaburiramo.
Mu bindi bikomeje gutiza umurindi indwara hari imisarani itujuje ubuziranenge, kutagira umuco wo karaba intoki neza, uburyo bwo kubika ibiribwa ku gipimo cy’ubushyuhe n’ubukonje bukwiye.
Udukoko dutera indwara tuboneka mu amazi yanduye, mu butaka no mu kirere. Abajyanama b’Ubuzima kimwe n’abaturage basabwa gutanga amakuru ku nzego z’ubuzima zibakuriye, kugira ngo icyorezo giterwa n’udukoko cyanduriye mu biryo, kigafata abantu babiri cyangwa benshi, nyuma yo kurya ibiryo cyangwa ibinyobwa byanduye, ikibazo kimwe cy’indwara zidasanzwe ariko zikomeye ziterwa n’ibiribwa nka ‘‘botulism’’ zifatwa nk’icyorezo.
Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara mu ibiryo harimo nk’impiswi, kubabara mu gifu cyangwa kuribwa mu nda, Isesemi, kuruka n’umuriro.
Ibiryo bidafite isuku ihagije, buri mwaka ku isi bitera indwara bangana n’ibihumbi 600 ziterwa n’ibiribwa ndetse n’impfu 420.000, aho 30% by’impfu ziterwa n’ibiribwa mu bana bari munsi y’imyaka 5, aho uwo mubare w’abantu bagaragaza indwara z’impiswi. Izindi ngaruka zirimo impyiko, kunanirwa ku umwijima, indwara zifata ubwonko, arthrite, na kanseri.
Indwara ziterwa n’ibiribwa zifitanye isano n’ubukene mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere, kongera ibyago ku isi byo kwanduza ibiryo no guhura n’ingaruka, kongera ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, gutwara ibicuruzwa byanduye byambukiranya imipaka, hiyongereyeho imijyi ikura, imihindagurikire y’ikirere, kwimuka n’ingendo mpuzamahanga.
Muri icyo kiganiro n’abanyamakuru, hagaragajwe ko abatunganya amazi harimo ubuziranenge buke bw’ayo, akoreshwa mu gukonjesha ikivuge kimwe n’uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushera n’ikigage, isuku idahagije y’imigezi n’amazi yanduye bakoresha binika amasaka, isuku y’ibikoresho binikamo, ibikoresho banikaha, bakoresha badahisha cyangwa banywa imisururu (ubushera n’ibigage).
Ubuziranenge buke bw’imisemburo ikoreshwa (imisemburo y’imigati n’iyataye igihe, inzoga z’inkorano, ibyatsi bitandukanye, n’ibindi bitaribwa nk’amatafari ….) ibikoresho bike bifite isuku idahagije badaha cyangwa banywa (gusangirira ku gikoresho kimwe kw’abantu benshi).
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2022 bwagaragaje ko muri 2019, miliyoni n’ibihundi magana atatu (1.3 million) by’abantu bishwe bazira udukoko (bacteria) dufite ubudahangarwa ku miti. Ikindi kubera imiti yakoreshejwe igihe kirekire nka ‘‘amoxicillin’’ itagikora neza, bituma dukenera imiti ikomeye nka augmentin (Amoxicillin + clavuranic acid) ariko ihenze.
Mu Rwanda ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko udukoko nka ‘‘Escherichia coli’’, ‘‘Staphylococcus aureus’’, ‘‘Klebsiella pneumoniae’’, twiremyemo ubudahangarwa ku miti itandukanye. RBC igaragaza ko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku bantu naho ubwakozwe ku matungo n’ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi buracyari buke.
Inama abaganga batanga ni uko amata adakwiye kunyobwa mu gihe kingana n’iminsi 15, inka ikimara guterwa umuti, kuko ubumara bw’umuti bushobora kwinjira mu bantu, bigatera ubundi burwayi.
Ubworozi ni igikorwa gikenera imiti cyane ngo amatungo akure neza. Ariko imiti iyo ikoreshejwe cyane kandi nabi, bituma udukoko ayo matungo afite twiremamo ubudahangarwa. Iyo utwo dukoko tugeze mu bantu (zoonotic) dutera indwara zigoranye kuvura. Imiti ikoreshwa mu kurinda ibihingwa nayo harimo ituma udukoko twiremamo ubudahangarwa.
Kugeza ubu mu Rwanda hongerewe umubare ibitaro by’ikitegererezo byitezweho kuzatuma amakuru yimbitse kuri icyo kibazo.
Umwe mu baganga muri rbc.
Imibare y’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubuzima (RBC) igaragaza ko mu 2019 hapfuye abantu 2 400 bikekwa ko baba barishwe no kuba indwara ziterwa n’udukoko zaragize ubudahangarwa ku miti yari isanzwe izivura.
Ubushakashatsi bw’ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku buzima (WHO) bugaragaza ko mu mwaka wa 2019 ku isi, abantu barenga miliyoni enye (4) bishwe n’indwara ziterwa n’udukoko ziba zaragize ubudahangarwa ku miti isanzwe izivura.
Abaganga bavuga ko gukoresha imiti nabi ko ari kuyikoresha icyo itagenewe, kuyifata cyangwa kuyinywa, kuyiha amatungo utayandikiwe na muganga, kuyifata bitandukanye ni uko muganga yabigennye,
Kurwanya antibiyotike bibaho iyo bagiteri ihindutse kandi ikarwanya antibiyotike ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ziyitera. Mu kwandika antibiyotike, abarwayi ntibarangiza kwivuza, gukoresha cyane antibiyotike mu bworozi no mu bworozi bw’amafi, kurwanya indwara zandurira mu bitaro no mu mavuriro, kubura antibiyotike nshya zirimo gutezwa imbere.
Inama itangwa n’abaganga ni uguhindura imyitwarire muri antibiyotike, kongera igihe cya antibiyotike zihari, kunoza ireme ry’ubuvuzi n’ibisubizo by’abarwayi, guhindura ikoreshwa ry’antibiyotike, kwita ku buzima bw’abarwayi, isuku y’intoki, gukoresha catheteri ikwiye, isuku y’ibidukikije.
Ibikorwa bya muntu nibyo bigira uruhare runini mu gutuma udukoko twiremamo ubudahangarwa.
Iyo umuti ukoreshejwe kenshi yaba mu bantu no mu matungo, bituma udukoko tuwumenya noneho tukiremamo ubudahangarwa.
Ingaruka zikomeye zirahari kandi nyinshi, bituma kuvura indwara bigorana kandi bigahenda, kuko dukenera imiti ikomeye, bituma abantu bahabwa ibitaro bakamarayo iminsi bituma ubukungu buhagwa, kuko baba badakora kandi n’ababitaho bata umwanya babarwaza, bituma impfu ziyongera, n’ibindi.
Abaturage kimwe n’abajyanma b’ubuzima basabwe n’inzego nkuru z’ubuzima, kumenyekanisha hakiri kare ahadutse icyorezo, kugira ngo hamenyekane ko hari ikintu kidasanzwe, gukurikirana ikwirakwizwa ry’iyo ndwara.
Aho ni ho itangazamakuru iba ikiraro gihuza abaturage n’inzego z’ubuzima harimo Minisiteri y’Ubuzima, kugira ngo abaturage babone ibikenewe, aho ni ho hakumirwa hakiri kare indwara nyinshi zanduza, nka Ebola, Zika, na COVID-19.
Abanyamakuru bagomba kugeza ijwi ku baturage mu guhindura imyumvire.
Julien Mahoro Niyingabira Umuvugizi w’Ikigo cy’igihugu cy’Ubuzima, RBC, yabwiye abanyamakuru ko ari imbaraga n’ijwi rigera ahantu henshi, ko bakwiriye kuba umuyoboro w’impinduka zo kurwanya indwara zitandukanye harimo na COVID-19, aho itangazamakuru n’inzego z’ubuzima, icyo cyorezo cyafatiwe ingamba bityo haboneka ubutsinzi ku bufatanye bw’izo nzego.
Abaturage bakangurirwa guteza imbere ibikorwa by’isuku n’isukura, gukoresha amazi meza, kunoza isuku yo gutegura ibiryo byiza, gukaraba intoki n’isuku y’imisarani hakiyongera gukangurira abaturage gahunda yo gukingiza abana babo ku gihe no kurwanya amakuru atari yo yerekeye inkingo.
Basanda Ns Oswald
